Researching Your Lynched Female Ancestors

Cattle Kate, WY, 1936

Did You Know Women (White and Black) Were Lynched? 

Juanita, 1903, CA

While lynching primarily targeted black men, both black and white women were also victims—often for speaking out, defending loved ones, or simply being accused without evidence. Approximately 200 women were lynched in the United States between the late 19th and mid-20th centuries. The vast majority were Black women, though White, Latina, and Indigenous women were also lynched.

Lynching wasn’t just racial terror—it was also used to silence women.

While most lynching victims were men, women faced this brutal form of violence for various reasons, including:

Just to name a few of the women: 

• Mary Turner (1918, GA) – A black woman, 8 months pregnant, lynched for protesting her husband’s murder and speaking out against racial violence
• Laura Nelson (1911, OK) – A black woman and her teenage son lynched without trial or evidence
• Juanita (1903, CA), - A Mexican woman 
• Kate Townsend (1883, LA) – A white brothel owner, possibly lynched in a business dispute.
• Helen Stark (1893, CO) – A white woman accused of robbery, lynched alongside three men.
• Josefa Segovia (1851 CA) A Mexican Woman, same town as Juanita in 1903, Downieville, California,

History of US Lynchings
There are not clear statistics of the US lynchings prior to 1882. However, during the Civil War, the Reconstruction Era, and up to the depression era at least 4743 people were lynched according to newspaper accounts, court records and church records. Perhaps the tension of the Civil War brought this activity into popularity, or the fear of losing power, or the anger toward sympathetics and abolitionists, but US lynchings affected every southern state. The open lands of the new frontier, even California, was not spared. Matter of fact, all but Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont recorded lynches.

America's Lynching Practices

Although over 90% of the victims were African American, there were also white victims, mostly transplants from the northern states. The majority of the victims in Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Mississippi were carried out by lynch mobs. Of course, Florida, the Carolinas, Tennessee, and Kentucky also had notable numbers. Lynching victims were not limited to men. A woman in California was lynched as early as 1851.

White lynching victims were often targeted for opposing mob violence, being accused of crimes, or being immigrants, particularly Italian, Irish, or Jewish people.

Seven Resources for Finding Lynched Female Ancestors

Letter from Colored Federated Clubs of Augusta to President Woodrow Wilson, 1918

1. Name Search

A comprehensive listing of lynched victims is not available. However, the following will get you started: The Finding Josephine blog post "Was My Ancestor Lynched?" lists several places to look for names.

2. Historical American Lynching: One of the better search sites for names, states and reason for being lynched is the  American Lynching  Data . This information is based on the NAACP Lynching Records that can be located at Tuskegee University.

3. Collections: Check with a local college/university collection. Be sure to ask the check the catalog of dissertations and search under the popular keywords. These dissertations may not be in the normal library catalog. A doctoral thesis, of let’s say within sociology, may take a more personal social approach analyzing activities using names and citing court records. In 2008 the University of Washington named 3000 known US lynch victims collected as a research project. This list of names is available.

Maria Delongoria wrote a dissertation, Stranger Fruit: The Lynching of Black Women, where she lists names of “Black Female Lynching Victims” between 1886-1957 on pages 160-164.

4. The Laws: Check to see if any anti-lynching laws were put into place, or special sentences. By reviewing these hearings, you may find the reason why a new law was implemented, and you may even find your ancestor’s name attached to it. I usually start with a database like Lexis Nexis for these types of legal searches.You may find the names of those incited lynch mobs, as well as victims.

5. Local Newspapers: Local black newspapers kept relatively good records of lynching activities in their area. Rural black news may be reported by the largest town’s paper, but this news was often carried by word of mouth, so I suggest double checking the accuracy. Church news, like the Star Zion of the AME Zion church, also reported these activities.

6. Lynch Mobs: If your lynched ancestor was a white sympathetic, or part of a lynch mob, be sure to check the Democratic paper. Remember the Democratic party was labeled rebels and Republican were considered progressive.  Most southern towns had competing Democratic and Republican newspapers; Those involved in lynch mobs were often hailed as heroes in the Democratic reporting. See Imagery of Lynching: Black Men, White Women, and the Mob

7. List of Lynching victims in the United States has 537cited sources.  

Remember in 2022, (yes, 3 years ago), the United States Congress passed the Emmett Till Anti-lynching Act, making lynching a federal hate crime

Kathleen Brandt

a3Genealogy@gmail.com
Accurate, accessible answers

Researching: Women Who Kept Maiden Names?

 

   

Women and Their Maiden Names

The idea that women universally adopted their husband’s surname only became more rigidly enforced in certain cultures over time. However, historical records prove that women have kept their maiden names for centuries, whether due to legal necessity, cultural tradition, or professional identity.

In 1866 the above article now as written Keeping Their Maiden Names in Addition to the Husbands' Surname, but know that evidence shows that this practice existed well before 1866.

When and Where?

Colonial America and the 18th Century

• Puritan and Legal Traditions. In Puritan New England, some women retained their maiden names in legal documents, wills, and property records. For example, Anne Bradstreet (1612–1672), the first published poet of colonial America, was often referred to by her maiden name in records and literary circles.
• Quaker Women and Gender Equality. Quakers, known for their progressive views on gender equality, frequently allowed women to retain their maiden names. Mary Dyer (c. 1611–1660), a Quaker martyr, was often referred to by her birth surname in historical records. Quaker women involved in business or land transactions also maintained their birth names in official documents.

Scotland, France, and Early American Women
In Scotland and France, it was customary for women to retain their maiden names legally, even after marriage. This tradition carried over to French and Scottish-descended women in colonial America and Canada.

• In America, women like Mercy Otis Warren (1728–1814), an influential writer and historian of the American Revolution, used their maiden names publicly and professionally. 
• Many women involved in business also continued to use their birth surnames in trade records and property agreements.

Legal and Property Rights (1700s-1800s)

San Francisco Bulletin

Tue, Oct 04, 1927 ·Page 11

• Legal records from the 18th and 19th centuries frequently show women keeping their maiden names in cases related to land ownership, inheritance, and business dealings. 
• In some Southern states, married women retained their maiden names in property records to clarify ownership, particularly in cases where they inherited land from their birth families.

Newspaper Mentions and Articles

Bryan-College Station Eagle

Bryan, Texas

Wed, Feb 12, 1896 · Page 2

• The Liberator (1830s-1860s) – This abolitionist newspaper frequently mentioned women activists, some of whom retained their maiden names. Women like Lydia Maria Child were often referred to by their birth names in advocacy work.

• The New-York Tribune (1850s) – Articles from this period show that women in business and publishing sometimes kept their maiden names to maintain recognition in their professions.

• Marriage and Legal Notices in 18th- and 19th-Century Newspapers

• Many marriage announcements list women by both maiden and married names, indicating the ongoing use of birth surnames in public records.

Happy Women's History Month

Kathleen Brandt

Ancestry DNA Spring Sale $39.00

 Did you Know?

By using this Ancestry DNA link, you purchase a DNA kit at an amazing rate.
And, the veterans get you!

Spring Sale: AncestryDNA is $39. Offer ends 3/17.

$2.00 of every kit is donated to the Tracing Ancestors' Eternal Valor Network project to support veterans. Read about the Eternal Valor Network .

Be sure to use the Tracing Ancestors Affiliate Link: Spring Sale: AncestryDNA is $39. 

Researching That Female Ancestor!

 

All were not boring!

Were they housewives and mothers, were they teachers or schoolmarms, were they wet nurses or midwives, were they the maids, the slaves, the cooks? Did they attend suffrage movements or civil rights movements? Were they abolitionists, prohibitionists, or fighting for unwed mothers?  

What were their secrets? Listen in on The Mystery of Cornelia Gray. A woman who could be framed in generations of folklore was an enigma. 

Or were they like my Aunt Bertha!

Her unconventional actions as a wife and mother were all in the paper. Could this possibly be the 2g-Aunt that I knew? She was stern, wise and a pillar of the society in her 90's. Glad, I didn't paint that as her life-story, because clearly she was not afraid to buck the system. Perhaps her goal was to change the "role of the woman"  narrative. Either way, the family folklore of her being a wonderful family matron and widow was easily debunked. It was in broad daylight and not in secrecy. Go Aunt Bird! (Yep that was her nickname). 

 The Pratt Union, Pratt, Kansas 30 Apr 1914 

Our female ancestors influenced change. When I felt disempowered at work or at home, my mother would proclaim “the woman is the neck, that turned the head.” 

The Missouri Republican, St. Louis, MO,25 Aug 1873, Page 1

When looking for women ancestors, though, it can be challenging. The majority changed their names, and their identity through marriage. But remember all did not! Was your female ancestor one of the married stage performers who proudly held their maiden name? 

Let us share tips for researching your female ancestors

1.  Women Organizations. 

 The National Association of Colored Women’s Club, Inc.
founded Washington, D.C. in July 1896

 These groups may have been for ethnic socializing, divided by class, or designed to promote “worldliness” like an education curriculum for women on par with men. They were for women to vent, mingle, chart out their children’s social circle, and to influence politics often through their husbands.

2.  Local community and political activities.

The Missouri Republican, St. Louis, MO,25 Aug 1873, Page 1

Be sure to plot out your female ancestor’s timeframe using community and political issues. It’s overwhelming how many women groups met in “secret” to fight for their agenda. These groups may have been an ethnic groups, divided by class, promoting “worldliness” like an education curriculum for women on par with men.

 3. Women School Records.

The Clarion-Ledger (Jackson, Mississippi) 7 Jul 1870, pg.1

Men didn’t seem to bulk at women reading the Bible and taking darning and sewing classes.  But often the line was drawn at philosophical, maths, and “brainy knowledge.” Although 1800 education was seen as a way of making women better wives and mothers, there were progressives that moved the educational rod to encourage education for women to be transformative. I’m a proud alumna of Stephens College, 1333, Columbia MO, a women’s college. By the way, they have an amazing archive filled with history. During WWII, they housed and educated orphan teenagers from across the nation - children of war veterans. 

4. Church Minutes / Records. 

Have you read these gossip-filled accounts of the congregants?  Oh my…we have found records from Quakers, the women, who held important positions in conducting the Underground Railroad, to the public shaming of those in infidelity in the German churches of Missouri. Contrary to common belief, these records are not just filled with sacraments dates.   

5.  Immigrant Societies. 

Women were activists.  They helped with the immigrant societies. This was not just in port cities, but inland also. They were active in the Volga – Germans, Irish, German, Italian, etc. communities.  Again, scour the society books for familiar names. Review newspaper articles on the local immigrant societies. Discover which roles the women played. They were like matchmakers of old.  They connected wives and children to housing. They were thanked for holiday meals and performances. They fought for the poor and admonished “the wicked!”

6.  Delayed birth records of the community. 

         

At a brick wall? Try reviewing early birth records, especially delayed birth records of the community. We have uncovered over a half dozen female ancestors for clients as they were midwives.  Yes, you have to conduct the research, but if Louise was her name, be sure to uncover "Louise" named midwives on birth and delayed birth records. Delayed birth records come with affidavits that may assist in identifying your “Louise.”  

Other Readings:
Genealogists Can Reconstruct the Lives of Female Ancestors
The Daily Herald, Mar 26, 1998 , pg 39

Fewer Records Available for Women Ancestors
Victoria Advocate, Apr 06, 2003 ·Page 396 Tips to Researching Female Ancestor

Be Historically Correct

Kathleen Brandt

a3genealogy.com

Accurate Accessible Answers

a3genealogy@gmail.com 

Revised posts: 28 Mar 2022

6 Tips to Researching Female Ancestors

 

Women Legally Voted in Revolutionary Era

Writer/Poet Hannah Griffitts 1727-1817, reprint, and image: a3Genealogy

Revolutionary Era Female Ancestors Voted

Suffrage, the right to vote in political elections, is a term people use, but not sure what it means or how it applies to our ancestors. Suffragists” during the woman suffrage movement were"anyone—male or female—who supported extending the right to vote (suffrage) to women." Read: National Archive Pieces of History- What is Suffrage?

We often go straight to the 1865 petition to explain it. But, women voted before 1865.

Petition for an amendment of the Constitution:
Prohibits the states from disfranchising any of citizens on the basis of sex, 1865.
(National Archives Identifier 306684)

Many are unaware that during the Revolutionary Era America women legally voted. One hundred and sixty-three (163) women, four of them free Black women, voted in New Jersey between 1800-1807 following the Revolutionary War. So when I tell you the relationship of suffrage as it applies to women has always been an on again- off-again topic; it really has. 

The Myth: Women couldn’t vote before the 19th Amendment

For a more in-depth exploration of this topic, visit the Museum of the American Revolution's virtual exhibit: When Women Lost the Vote: A Revolutionary Story.

Married and Loss of Freedom: Not This Again!

American Revolutionary Museum 

Abigal Adams, wife of John Adams stated: Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the husbands. Remember all men would be tyrants if they could.” You must know Abigal, wife of John Adams. She opposed slavery and supported women's education. Read more about the correspondence between this power couple here: National Women's History Museum.

And, she was right. When they tried to remove women's rights due to marital status women rethought marriage as seen earlier in the poetry of Hannah Griffitts. 

 In early United States, the right to vote was a privilege largely reserved for property-owning white men. However, during the Revolutionary era from 1776 to 1807, the NJ state's constitution granted voting rights to "all inhabitants" who met certain property requirements. This phrasing inadvertently enfranchised women and free people of color. This progressive stance made New Jersey the first state to explicitly include women in the electorate. Read more: The American Revolution Museum.

Electoral Fraud: We've Seen This Before!
The concern of electoral fraud is almost always used to disenfranchise women and people of color for political gain.

 In 1807, facing political pressure and claims of electoral fraud, New Jersey's legislature revised the voting laws, restricting suffrage to tax-paying, white male citizens. This change effectively disenfranchised women and free people of color, rescinding the rights they had briefly held.

The loss of voting rights in New Jersey reflected a broader national trend of limiting suffrage. In the early 19th century, as states drafted new constitutions, many explicitly restricted voting to white men, erasing the gains made by women and minorities during the Revolutionary period. It wasn't until the mid-19th century that the movement for women's suffrage began to regain momentum. 

Our Ancestors Left a Roadmap
The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 marked a pivotal moment, where activists like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott formally demanded equal political rights for women, including the right to vote. Read more: American Bar Association

The struggle for women's suffrage continued for decades, facing numerous challenges and opposition. It wasn't until the early 20th century that the movement saw significant progress. The tireless efforts of suffragists culminated in the passage of the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920, which prohibited states from denying the right to vote on the basis of sex. This monumental achievement restored voting rights to women nationwide, more than a century after they had been rescinded in places like New Jersey. Learn more here: National Archives: Woman Suffrage and the 19th Amendment. 

If we don't learn from history, there will be another opportunity to get it right. No one is surprised, we now get to crawl through the Save Act, bill, H.R. 22, the “Safeguard American Voter Eligibility Act” (SAVE Act). 

As many as 69 million American women lack access to valid birth certificates. Estimated number of female citizens ages 15 and older in each state whose names do not match their birth certificate due to last name change or hyphenation upon marriage I just wonder what outcome is expected for them.

CAP, Image and Article, 69 million American women

Wonder how it will affect married women citizens and name changes due to marital status. We will learn since this trend of suppressing the woman's vote started in 2024. It's no surprise women who have legally changed their names are part of the intended victim package on this bill. It's always intentional.

Kathleen Brandt
a3genealogy@gmail.com

Early Paternity Suits Explain Surname Conflicts?

 

Waiting for Court Date

When the Court Determines the Father, 1800's

Let's take a look at how our ancestors determined paternity using this 1807 Bedford, VA Chancery Court case of  David Thompson and  Hannah Ayers. This kind of case can explain why your y-DNA results failed you. We don't know to which surname a baby may be assigned. The baby could have been later adopted the surname of a step-father. But know that the baby's surname was not the purpose of the paternity suit. It's all about the financial burden that a baby out of wedlock can put on the community. Someone has to pay for its staples.

The Reason for the Paternity Suit
Paternity court records voided the need for romance and mystery novels in the 1800's. Court records told us all of their little secrets, their dalliances, their fights, their finances, and the financial burden that a "bastard" child put on a community? Hold on to your pearls, because the truth can be shocking!

Unmarried mother Hannah Ayers needed the child's biological father to pay for his support or the community to help. That's what they did back in (1807 -1808 Virginia and all of the states and territories!). The community fund from the townsmen or parish had a budget for the poor. The funding had to be approved, usually by a court order.

In this case, Hannah confessed that she could not afford her ill-gotten 'bastard' child." Her assertion was his biological father or the Parish feed and clothe him until he would be old enough to fend for himself (seemingly age seven (7). 

"...she the said Hannah Ayers was delivered of a male bastard child, and the said Bastard child is
likely to become chargeable, to the said County and that David Thompson, of the said County did get
her with of the said Bastard child."

Nothing gets the courts and community to become more proactive than allocating money for a child born out of wedlock. So the practice was to gather testimony, witnesses, circumstances, and character to determine a biological father. (DNA existed, but DNA analysis didn't). David's attorney did try to sway the court, but the court denied such questioning as "who else could be the father?"

"The Defendant's counsel wished to ask the witness Hannah Ayers after she had sworn that David Thompson was the father of the child if no other person had the opportunity of getting the said child, but the court would not permit the question to be asked..."

So in the end, David accepted paternal obligations for the child.

How Did This Happen?

The Paternity Suit, 1800

Well, we know Hannah didn't go dancing at a Taylor Swift concert so where are the details? Oh...let's just keep reading this 9-page court record because Hannah tells it here.

..."that at the time he got the child he lived in her father's house where also she resided, that she did not like him & that he had never cohabited with her but once and then by force and against her consent and threatened to kill her if ever she -- should mention it."

Proof? Witnesses?

So this sounds like she was accusing him of rape. But could it be proven?
Actually yes. There were at least two witnesses -not of the rape - but coming from David's braggadocious mouth. Here's a peek at the detailed testimony of witnesses. Use this link with your free FamilySearch.org account to read the entire case: The Witnesses.

"Another Witness swore that Thompson was heard to say he had cohabited with Hannah Ayers. 
A third witness swore as follows Viz . 26 Aug 1807 - At Joseph Kenneths [?] house at the request of David Thompson I was present at an interview between said Thompson and Hannah Ayers where the following conversation took place. David Thompson proposed to the said Hannah Ayers that provided she would deny his having any communication with her in any respect he would give her his bond for $50 payable on demand which bond she agreed to accept on the above Conditions, but on Joseph Kenneth [?] saying he would not do it for $500 for she would contradict a report that her father and mother had propagated of the said Thompsons having got her with child, on hearing which she refused to accept the bond, saying she has caused enough grey hairs on her fathers head on a former like occasion..."

So Bribery Was Involved, but what was the "former like occasion?"

As we know, once the court is involved it can become a tell-all event. Let's look at the new dirty laundry being shared. David Thompson was 21, and Hannah Ayers was abt 25 -26 years old. The "former-like "occasion" resulted in her having "one child before the present." David and his counsel introduced this fact in the court records as they tried to legitimize his actions.
(Please don't ask me to explain, that!). 

It is here we learn Hannah Ayers had birthed one child before the present. The court did not factor this into their decision, as it was irrelevant to answering who would financially support this "baby boy."

The Final Judgment

"David Thompson should give security for the maintenance of Bastard child charged by Hannah Ayers to have been begotten by him, of her, with all things touching the same as fully and wholly as the same now exist among the Records of the said County Court."

As I said, he only was required to support the child for seven years.

It is the opinion of the court that the said David is the father of the said Bustard child and that the same is likely to become chargeable to the parish . Therefore it is ordered that the said David Thompson find security for the payment of twenty dollars annually for seven years from this date ( being the sum considered sufficient by the court for the said child maintainance , & the time it will be chargeable to the parish )

To read full case: Determined Papers (Chancery Court) 1808. Franklin County, VA, 1808

As mentioned, clients are always distraught when they realize their ancestral surname changed through history. There are various scenarios of how this could have happened. We must also consider such nefarious cases like that of Hannah Ayers' son. Let's not jump to conclusions before finding the truth. 

Kathleen Brandt

Black Ancestors in The Tick Mark Census

Did You Know?
Free Black People Were Noted, by Household, before 1850 Census. 

Free "Coloreds" were noted - by name of the head of household -  in the early census records. Early census records are those from 1790 to 1840. These early black people were most often landowners, but not necessarily. Some bought their freedom, and some earned their freedom through their war efforts:  Revolutionary War, American- Indian Wars, or War of 1812. Others were emancipated by their enslaver. Some of these enslavers, the white biological fathers of enslaved children were the ones who emancipated their mulatto offsprings. Those who were legally claimed in Wills were often transported out of slave states, or sent to integrated schools like Oberlin College. 

Yes, there are many cases where the biological white father, claimed their children and educated them. I'll share that example, from Mississippi, in another blog post this month.

The Tick Mark Censuses
Let's get rid of this myth before we begin. "Free-Coloreds" were enumerated in the early tick-marked Census Records, 1790-1840, even in the South. 

Many of the Hittin' the Brickswall with Kathleen podcast listeners will remember John's meltdown on the tick mark census records. If you want to go directly to the beginning of the Tick Mark conversation check out the episode Off The Wall: Making Sense of the U.S.Census,  and start at the 8 minute mark to about 12:20.

Let's Look At An Example:
Here are my own Free - "Colored" ancestors in the 1830, 1840and 1850 censuses.  I have them earlier but this would then be a book, not a blog. So bear with me.

Louisa Griffin, my 3rd Great-grandmother was born free in 1817. Her freedom was gained through her great-grandfather's Revolutionary War Service. 

Our Rev. War Veteran ancestor, Louisa's great-grandfather, was Ned Griffin. His service promised "him and all of his heirs" their freedom. You can read about Ned here. Revolutionary War Research - Ridiculous Mistakes. 

Kathleen --> gf Cecil -->2nd g-gf Wiley "Tobe"-->3ggp Louisa Griffin Morris --> 6g-gf Ned Griffin
1960                 1904                    1838                                     1817                                     1760's

Note: Basic timeline from Kathleen to Revolutionary War Soldier. All generations are not noted 

Free-born Louisa had a total of five children fathered by my 3rd g-grandfather Wiley J. Morris, the elder. Wiley, born in 1807, was enslaved by his biological father. As a blacksmith he swallowed to work and paid $2000 family for his emancipation in 1855. 

In the meantime, the five (5)  Morris-Griffin children born from 1838 - 1850 were all born free following their mother Louisa.  They were enumerated as Griffins in 1850 census records. In 1860 they were able to use their father's surname of Morris since he had succeeded in purchasing his freedom. 

Yes, it was matrilineal. If Louisa would have given her children the Morris surname, they could have legally been enslaved by their white grandfather, James Morris, Sr. So their early years enumerated them as Griffin's, even though everyone, the white Griffins and the Morris knew Wiley was the father. d

1850 Rutherford, NC
Louisa with her Griffin Children
fathered by enslaved Wiley J. Morris born 1807

In 1855, however, and $2000 later, they were Morris's, the whole family! Wiley J. Morris was finally free, and enumerated as such in 1860 with his family.  

1860 Rutherford, NC

Wiley with Wife and Children

(Previously seen as Griffin)

So, Where Was Louisa in 1830?
Louisa was born free in 1817. She had one brother, Richard, who was named in their father's Will. In 1830 "free-colored" Louisa was enumerated in the household of William L. Griffin (white). His ancestors originally enslaved the Rev War soldier Ned, the mulatto. Wm. Griffin, the enslaver, was also an advocates and key witness to guarantee the freedom of Ned Griffin after the Rev. War.

In 1830 Louisa was in a form of "apprenticeship." We see a "tick mark" for Louisa in the William L. Griffin household. The tick mark designated her between the age of 10-23. Our family bible, scribed by her in 1838-1840 gives her birth year as 1817, so she was about age 13 in 1830. Here is the Tick Mark Census in 1830:

1830 US Census. 

As you saw above, she was noted as Head of Household in the 1840 Federal Census. The tick-mark censuses was enough to place Louisa exactly where I needed her - in Rutherford County, NC. And they held the key to uncovering her parents, Peter and Betsy Griffin, and identifying her brother Richard. 

More on free Colored Griffin in 1817, Rutherford County, NC

Peter Griffin, NC Land Acquisition, 1817

Peter Griffin (A Man of Colour) of the County of Rutherford was the father of Louisa Griffin, and a landowner in 1817. Louisa's mother was Betsy Griffin. In 1817 Peter wrote his will, naming his minor son Richard. This Will was witnessed by James Morris, the (white) father of the enslaved Wiley Morris, born in 1807. James Morris owned Fox Haven Plantation of Rutherford, NC. 

Rutherford Deeds 1816-1822 #007517766

It's through the tick-marked census that you can take note of family sizes, neighbors and communities, and your ancestor's movement if comparing and analyzing the various early census records. 

This is just a slice of American History told through my Revolutionary War Veteran, a "Free Colored" since 1784. Legal documents are plentiful to support, the family folklore, the family bible, and early bibliographies of descendants of Wiley Morris, born free in 1838. Will share later. 

Kathleen Brandt
a3Genealogy